Ngā Āhuatanga Ā-ringa me ngā Tikanga Rahunga o te Konukura Whakakaha-Muka: Te Awe o te Momo Muka me te Ihirangi
Ko te konukura te mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana Hanganga rauemi. He maha ngā painga o tēnei rauemi, tae atu ki tōna wātea whānui, te tukanga whakaputa māmā, te utu iti, me te ngāwari o te tono. He whānuitia te whakamahinga i roto i ngā momo mara pēnei i ngā whare, ngā rori, ngā piriti, ngā kauhanga, me te hangarau waipēhi. I te whanaketanga o te maha o ngā kaupapa hangarau, kua piki haere hoki ngā tono mō te mahi a te raima. Nō reira, kua kitea ngā ngoikoretanga o te raima tuku iho, pēnei i te kore e ranea te kaha kume, te ātete pakaru ngoikore, me te kore pumau o te rōrahi. Nō reira, ko te whakapai ake i te mahi a te raima tētahi o ngā huarahi rangahau matua i roto i te hangarau ā-iwi.
Hei whakarei ake i te mahi a te raima, ka tāpirihia ngā muka hei whakapai ake i ōna āhuatanga miihini me tōna pakari. Hei tauira, ko: muka maitais (SF), ngā muka hangai (pērā i ngā muka polypropylene), ngā muka kohuke (pērā i ngā muka basalt - BF), me ngā muka waro (CF). Nā tēnei huarahi kua whakanui ake i te mahi a te raima mahi-teitei (HPC) me te raima mahi-tino-teitei (UHPC).
Ka taea e ngā muka te whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha o te raima, ki tētahi taumata. Heoi, ko ngā momo muka me ngā ihirangi rerekē ka arahi tonu ki ngā rerekētanga nui o ō rātou pānga ki ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha o te raima. I tēnei wā, me whakamārama tonu te ihirangi muka tino pai, te whanaungatanga tauanga i waenga i ngā tawhā e tika ana me ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha, me ngā tikanga matua o te raima whakakaha-muka. I rangahauhia e tēnei rangahau ngā muka waro (CF), ngā muka pātarati (BF), me ngā muka maitai (SF) hei kaupapa rangahau, e whakarite ana i ngā tauira raima me ngā momo muka rerekē. I whiriwhiria ēnei muka nā te mea kua tuhia pai te whakapai ake i te mahi i roto i te raima me te whakamahinga whānui. Mā roto i ngā whakamātautau taurangi whakahaeretia, i tātarihia ngā pānga o te momo muka me te ihirangi ki te kaha pēhi, te modulus elastic, me te aratau rahunga o te raima. Mā te whakakotahi i ngā tikanga tātari whakaahua mamati me te karu hiko matawai (SEM), i kitea te whanonga whanaketanga pakaru o te raima whakakaha muka i roto i ngā whakamātautau, ā, i hua ake ai ngā whakatau e whai ake nei:
1. Ki te whakataurite ki te raima noa (PC), te whakaurunga o ngā muka maitai (SF), ngā muka waro (CF), me ngā muka pātarati (BF) i whakarei ake i ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha o te raima muka-whakapakari (FRC) me te whakarerekē i tōna aratau pakaru. I whakarerekē ēnei muka i te kiato o te raima me ngā āhuatanga kōpeketanga o ngā pore tuatahi. I te pikinga ake o te ihirangi muka, ka neke te aratau pakaru mai i te pakarukaru ki te ngāwari. Ko te pūwāhi whakawhiti matua ko te 0.5% mō te raima muka maitai (SFC) me te 1.0% mō te raima muka waro (CFC) me te raima muka basalt (BFC). Hei whakanui ake i te mahi ā-pūkaha, ko te ihirangi tino pai mō ngā muka maitai ko te 2.0%, mō ngā muka waro 1.0%, ā, mō ngā muka basalt 0.5%.
2. Ahakoa ka taea e te nui o te muka te whakapai ake i te kiato me te kaha o te raima, ka taea e te nui rawa o te muka te arahi ki te āhuatanga "kūkū", ka puta ai te "whakakotahitanga" o te muka. Ka pā kino tēnei ki ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana, te kaha, me ngā āhuatanga whakarerekētanga o te raima. I tutuki i te muka rino te mahi tino pai i te hautanga rōrahi muka o te 2.0%, i te mea i eke te muka waro me te muka basalt ki tā rātou mahi tino pai i te 1.0% me te 0.5%, ia. I tua atu i ēnei ihirangi tino pai, i heke te mahi.
3. I whakaatuhia e te tātaritanga o te Matawai Irahiko Matawai (SEM) he nui te pānga o te hononga ā-kanohi i waenga i ngā muka me te matihiko sima ki ngā āhuatanga miihini makoropiko o te raima. Ko te nui o ngā muka e tika ana ka hanga he hanganga whatunga toru-ahu matotoru i roto i te raima, ka whakarei ake i te hononga o te matihiko me te mahi whānui. Heoi, ko te nui rawa o te muka ka arahi ki te kohikohinga o ngā muka, ka hanga he rohe ā-kanohi ngoikore, ka whakaiti i te kiato me te kaha o te raima. He tino rite ngā huringa o te hanganga moroiti ki te whanaketanga o ngā āhuatanga miihini makoropiko.
4. Nā te tāpiri o ngā muka i tino whakarerekē te āhua o te pakaru o te raima. Ki te whakatauritea ki te raima noa, he nui ake te pakari o te raima whakakaha muka i muri i te pakaru, he iti ake, he whaiti ake ngā kapiti, ā, he pakari ake. Ko ngā muka maitai te mea tino whai hua ki te aukati i te pakaru, ā, whai muri ko ngā muka waro me ngā muka papara. He mea nui te "pānga piriti" o ngā muka ki te pehi i te horapa o te pakaru, engari he pānga kino te "pānga atanga ngoikore" ki ngā āhuatanga miihini.
