Te Whakakī i ngā Hanganga Moana ki ngā "Wāhi Ārai Matā" mā te Whakamahi i te Toka Puia? Ka Pakaruhia e ngā Muka Pātara Maha-Tauine te Ārai Waikura mō ngā Muka Rino

Ngā piriti whakawhiti moana, ngā taunga wai hohonu, ngā pāmu hau moana... Ahakoa he mea whakamiharo ēnei "tangata nunui" i hangaia i te moana ki te titiro atu, ka tu atu rātou i te "mamae kino" o ia rā o te horo o ngā ngaru, te waikura tote me te kawakore, me ngā huringa makuku-maroke. I roto i taua taiao, me whakarite kia whakapakeketia Ngā Hanganga Konukuraiti Ko te noho pūmau—kia kore e pakaru, e ngatata, e pakaru wawe rānei—he wero nui mō te hapori hangarau o te ao.
Mō te wā roa, muka maitaiHe maha ngā wā kua whakauruhia ngā muka maitai ki roto i te raima hei whakapakari i te pakari me te ārai i te pakaru. Heoi, he maha ngā wā kāore e pai ngā muka maitai mō ngā āhuatanga uaua o te rehu tote me te wai moana; ina uru ngā katote hauota ki roto i ngā kapiti o te raima, ka waikura, ka whānui haere ngā muka maitai, ā, he rerekē te āhua ka pakaru te raima mai i roto ki waho, ka tere ake te hinga o te hanganga.
Nō nā tata nei, kua tukuna mai he otinga tino whaihua i roto i tētahi rangahau rauemi hou e aro ana ki te pakari o te hangarau moana: ngā muka pātarati—i hangaia mā te tango i ngā miro mai i te toka puia tūturu—ka taea te whakamahi hei whakakikorua i te raima moana ki tētahi paparanga "pūeru" e tino ātete ana ki te waikura. Ka tutuki tēnei mā te tauira whakarōpūtanga maha-tauine e whakaatu ana i te huinga o "ngā muka nui mō te hononga hanganga" me "ngā muka iti mō te hiri i ngā pore."

I. Ngā Mea Ngaro Ārai-Waikura e Huna ana i Roto i te Toka Puia

Te whakatika i ngā hapa nui o ngā rauemi o nāianei—tērā te ngāwari o ngā muka maitai ki te waikura me te āhua o ngā muka rauropi (pērā i te polypropylene, te polyvinyl alcohol rānei) ki te tawhito me te pirau i roto i ngā taiao raima kawakore—Pātarati He tino pai ngā painga o ngā muka. I hangaia mā te whakarewa i te toka puia tūturu parakore i ngā pāmahana tino teitei, ā, ka kumea ki roto i ngā muka, ko te anga hanganga matua he whatunga kore-āhua o ngā hononga silicon-hāora me te konumohe-hāora. Ko tēnei hanganga tūturu, he mea hanga ki te kōhatu, he tino kaha te koretake o te matū ina pāngia e ngā wai pūwero kaha i roto i te raima me te taiao tote nui o te wai moana, nō reira ka whakakorea ngā tūponotanga ā-tinana e pā ana ki te "waikura, te waikura, me te whānui o te rōrahi." Hei whakatutuki i te ātete pakaru me te kore e taea te uru, ka wehe atu te rangahau hou i te tauira tuku iho "muka-kotahi", ka whakaarohia he "pūnaha muka basalt ōrite maha-tauine":

Hanganga-rahi Miro-whakakorikori Ngā muka pātarati (SBF): He muka taratara, roa, me te miro e marara ana puta noa i te anga; ko tā rātou mahi matua he hono me te here i ngā kapiti nui o nāianei, kia puta ai te pakari o te piko me te pakari o te kume i muri i te kapiti.

Ngā muka iti o te papa kirikiri tapatapahi (NBF): He rite ngā muka iti ki ngā kirikiri kirikiri, ka piri pūmau ki roto i ngā pūwero me ngā awaawa iti o roto i te papa sima kua whakapakeketia, ka ārai i ngā ara uru o te wai moana, ka aukati hoki i te horapa o ngā kapiti iti e tīmata ana.

Mā tēnei rautaki "whakakotahitanga taratara me te angiangi" ka hangaia he kupenga matotoru, uaua hoki kua whatu hōhonu ki roto i te hanganga raima—he tikanga tiaki whānui e aro ana ki te aukati i te ātete me te whakahaere i ngā kapiti i te wā kotahi.

II. He Whakamātautau Pahikara "Nui" 270-Rā i roto i te Makuku-Maroke

Hei whakatau mēnā ka taea e tēnei raima hou te "roa" i roto i te taiao moana, i whakatauira te tīma rangahau i tētahi taiao mākū-maroke tino pakari. I uru atu ki tēnei te whakaneke rua i te kukū o te wai tote moana, me te tuku i ngā tauira ki ngā huringa whakamaroke pāmahana teitei (i te 45°C) me te mākū katoa—me ia wā 24-hāora ka hanga he huringa mākū-maroke kotahi.
I muri i te whakamanawanui i ngā rā 270 o tēnei whakamātautau uaua, i whakaatuhia e ngā tauira raima e whakamahi ana i ngā pūnaha muka rerekē ngā putanga mahi tino rerekē:

Rōpū Ranu Maha-Tauine-Katoa-Basalt (B15N02: arā, 1.5% muka matotoru + 0.2% muka moroiti): He tino whakamiharo ngā hua i puta mai i tēnei rōpū. I muri i ngā rā 270, ko te tere pupuri kaha piko ōrite i eke ki te 76.14%, ko te tere pupuri kaha pakaru tuatahi i eke ki te 90.67%. I tua atu, ko te ngaronga papatipu i puta mai i te pakaru o te mata i puta mai i te wai moana he 1.43% noa iho. I te tūtakitanga ki te huarere taiao, i tino puhoi, ā, i āta haere te tukanga pirau rauemi whānui.

Rōpū Ranu Muka Rino (S15N02): I mua i te tīmatanga o te waikura, i whakaatu tēnei rōpū i te mahi piko tuatahi tino teitei - he hua tika mai i te pakari teitei o ngā muka rino tonu. Heoi, i te tohu 270-rā, kua huri te mahi o te raima whakakaha muka rino ki te tino kaha. Nā te waikura nui, ka heke te tere pupuri kaha piko ōrite ki te 50.22% (ka haurua tōna kaha); i ngā wāhanga whakamutunga, ka kitea ngā tauira whānui me ngā kapiti motuhake i puta mai i te waikura.

III. He Pakanga Makariri: He aha i Hinga ai te Rino i te mea e Noho Pūmau ana te Pāharate?

Mā ngā whakaahua i hopukina mā te Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) ka kitea tika te āhua taketake o te rerekētanga mahi i waenga i ngā rauemi e rua:

Te Rahunga Kino o ngā Muka Rino: Ka uru ngāwari te wai moana me te hāora mā roto i ngā āputa moroiti i roto i te raima hei pa atu ki te maitai, ka puta ai te waikura hikohiko kino. Ka horapa te rahinga o te waikura rino parauri-whero ka puta mai i waenga i te 2 me te 6.5 ngā wā o tōna rahi taketake. Ka "pana" tika tēnei pēhanga ā-roto nui ki te anga sima e karapoti ana, ka puta he whatunga o ngā kapiti moroiti radial. I te kaha haere o te kino o roto, ka tino memeha te hononga i waenga i ngā muka rino me te anga raima; i te mutunga, i raro i te kawenga, ka ngawari te hutia atu, te paheke rānei o ngā muka—katoa, wāhanga rānei—nō reira ka ngaro te pakari o te hononga hanganga.

Te Urutaunga Ngāwari o Ngā muka pātaratiKāore rawa he whānuitanga o ngā muka o te papare ina pāngia e te wai moana. Ko tā rātou tukanga waikura—e tohuhia ana e te memeha ngāwari o ngā hononga Si-O-Si—ka puta he tere tino puhoi, ka hua ake he paku poka iti, ā-rohe me te taratara o te mata i te nanoscale. Ehara i te mea ka kino te matrix, engari ka whakanui ake tēnei taratara ngawari o te mata i te waku honohono i waenga i ngā muka me te raima e karapoti ana.

Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, he maha ngā wā ka whakauruhia ngā hua ā-ahumahi ki roto i ngā hoahoa ranunga raima—pērā i te pungarehu rere me te para—hei whakakapi i te sima tuku iho. Ahakoa ka whakaitihia e tēnei mahi ngā tukunga waro i te wā e hangaia ana mā te 27%, ka tino whakaitihia hoki te kawakore o te raima mō te wā roa. Mā tēnei ka hangaia he "kapi tiaki ātete-kawakore" ngawari mō ngā muka basalt, ka pehi ake i te tere memeha.

IV. Te Mahi me ngā Kapiti? Ka taea hoki te ārai i ngā kino ā muri ake nei

I roto i ngā tono hangarau o te ao tūturu, ka mahi tonu ngā wāhanga hanganga i raro i ngā āhuatanga "whara". Hei whakatauira i tēnei mooni, i hangaia e te tīma rangahau ngā kapiti moroiti mai i te 0.1 mm ki te 0.3 mm te whānui i roto i ngā tauira whakamātautau:

I roto i te rōpū muka maitai, nā te noho mai o ēnei kapiti moroiti i taea ai e te makuku te uru tika ki te rohe kume; nā tēnei i tere ai te ngaronga o te kaha piri o ngā muka maitai, ā, i tino heke te ngāwari o te rauemi. Ko te rōpū muka basalt maha-tauine ōrite e whakaatu ana i te manawanui kino tino pai i roto i te whānuitanga whakatuwheratanga kapiti o te 0.1 mm ki te 0.2 mm, i tutuki mā te mahi tahi o te "pine" e ngā muka pai me te "kume" e ngā muka matotoru. Ahakoa ka whānui ake ngā kapiti o mua ki te 0.3 mm, ka mau tonu te rauemi i te taumata teitei o te kaha pikau kawenga piko-kume, ā, ka angitu te whakawhānui i te paepae haumaru mō ngā hanganga pakaru i roto i ngā tono hangarau moana.

Whakamutunga

Mai i ngā tirohanga o te "Utu Huringa Ora (LCC)" me te oranga tonutanga taiao iti-waro, ahakoa he nui ake ngā utu hoko tuatahi mō ngā muka basalt nā te mea he tukanga tuhi motuhake, ko tōna āhua "kore tiaki" puta noa i tōna oranga mahi he painga nui mō te wā roa. I roto i te roanga mahi o tētahi kaupapa—mai i te 50 ki te 100 tau te nuinga—kāore i te whakakorea noa e tōna whakamahinga ngā utu nui, ohorere e pā ana ki ngā whakatikatika auau me te paninga ārai-waikura, engari ka whakaitihia hoki te taumaha-ake o te hanganga, ā, ka penapenahia ngā whakapaunga kawe me ngā utu reti mō ngā kaipuke tāutanga nui ki tai.

I tēnei wā e aro nui ana ki te whakaiti i ngā tukunga waro puta noa i te huringa ora o tētahi kaupapa, me te whakarite hoki i te haumaru o te hangarau, kei te puta ake tēnei "pūeru ārai-waikura"—i hangaia mai i te toka puia—hei kaitiaki haumaru ake, hei kaitiaki taiao hoki mō ngā kaupapa pūngao ma o te moana, pērā i ngā hononga kawe waka whakawhiti-moana me ngā pāmu hau o waho.