Ukufaka Izakhiwo Zasolwandle Ezine-"Bulletproof Vests" Usebenzisa Idwala Lentaba-mlilo? Imicu Ye-Basalt Eminingi Iphula I-Corrosion Stalemate Yemicu Yensimbi
Amabhuloho awela ulwandle, izindawo zokugcina amanzi ajulile, amapulazi omoya asogwini lolwandle... Nakuba lawa "ma-giants amakhulu" akhiwe olwandle emuhle kakhulu ukuwabona, abekezelela "ukuhlukunyezwa okunonya" kwansuku zonke kokuguguleka kwamagagasi, ukugqwala kosawoti kanye ne-alkali, kanye nemijikelezo eshintshana emanzi neyomile. Endaweni enjalo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kuqiniswe Izakhiwo Zekhonkrithi ukuhlala uphelele—ungenakho ukuqhekeka, ukuqhekeka, noma ukwehluleka ngaphambi kwesikhathi—sekuyisikhathi eside kuyinselele ekhathazayo emphakathini wobunjiniyela bomhlaba wonke.
Isikhathi eside, I-Fiber YensimbiAma-s avame ukufakwa kukhonkolo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuqina nokuvimbela ukuqhekeka. Kodwa-ke, imicu yensimbi ivame ukungafaneleki ezimweni ezinzima zokufuthwa ngosawoti namanzi olwandle; uma ama-ion e-chloride engena emifantwini engaphakathi kukhonkolo, imicu yensimbi iyagqwala futhi ikhule ngobuningi, okubangela ukuthi ikhonkolo iqhekeke kusukela ngaphakathi kuya ngaphandle futhi kusheshiswe ukuwohloka kwesakhiwo.
Muva nje, ucwaningo olusha lwezinto ezibonakalayo olugxile ekuqineni okuphezulu kobunjiniyela basolwandle lunikeze ikhambi elithembisayo kakhulu: imicu ye-basalt—okukhiqizwa ngokudweba imicu edwaleni lemvelo lentaba-mlilo—kungasetshenziswa ukumboza ukhonkolo wasolwandle ngesendlalelo "sezikhali" ezingavikeleki ekugqwaleni. Lokhu kufezwa ngemodeli yokulinganisa enezilinganiso eziningi equkethe inhlanganisela "yemicu emikhulu yokubopha kwesakhiwo" kanye "nemicu emincane yokuvala imigodi."
I. Izimfihlo Zokulwa Nokugqwala Ezifihliwe Ngaphakathi Kwedwala Lentaba-mlilo
Ukubhekana namaphutha abalulekile akhona ezintweni ezikhona—ikakhulukazi ukuthambekela kwezintambo zensimbi ekugqwaleni kanye nokuthambekela kwezintambo eziphilayo (njenge-polypropylene noma i-polyvinyl alcohol) ekugugeni nasekuwohlokeni ngaphakathi kwezimo zekhonkrithi ye-alkaline—I-Basalt Imicu ikhombisa izinzuzo ezinkulu zezinto ezibonakalayo. Ekhiqizwa ngokuncibilikisa idwala lemvelo elihlanzekile lentaba-mlilo emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kakhulu futhi ilidonsele kumacu, uhlaka lwalo oluyinhloko lwesakhiwo luqukethe ngokuyinhloko inethiwekhi engenasimo se-silicon-oxygen kanye nezibopho ze-aluminium-oxygen. Lesi sakhiwo semvelo, esisekelwe ematsheni sibonisa ukungangeni kwamakhemikhali okuphezulu kakhulu lapho sivezwa oketshezini lwe-alkaline oluqinile ngaphakathi kwekhonkrithi kanye nendawo enosawoti omningi wamanzi olwandle, ngaleyo ndlela sisuse ngokuphelele izingozi zomzimba ezihlobene "nokugqwala, ukugqwala, kanye nokwanda kwevolumu." Ukuze kufezwe ukumelana nokuqhekeka okuphezulu kanye nokungangeni kwamanzi, ucwaningo lwakamuva luyehlukana nomqondo wendabuko "we-single-fiber", esikhundleni salokho luphakamisa "uhlelo lwe-basalt fiber olunezilinganiso eziningi":
Okusontekile kwesakhiwo esikhulu Imicu yeBasalt (SBF): Imicu emagoqo, emide, nesontekile isakazeke kulo lonke i-matrix; umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko ukuhlanganisa nokubopha ndawonye imifantu emikhulu ekhona, ngaleyo ndlela inikeze ukuqina kwe-flexural ngemva kokuqhekeka kanye nokuqina kokuthamba.
Ama-Microfibers e-Basalt Aqoshiwe Kancane (NBF): Ama-microfiber amahle, afana nezinhlayiya zesihlabathi, anamathela ngokuqinile ezimbotsheni ezincane kanye neziteshi ngaphakathi kwe-matrix yesimende esiqinile, avimbe ngempumelelo izindlela zokungena kwamanzi olwandle futhi avimbele ukusabalala kwemifantu emincane eqalayo.
Leli cebo "eliqinile nelincane" lidala iwebhu ebanzi neyinkimbinkimbi elukiwe ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo sekhonkrithi—indlela yokuzivikela ephelele ebhekana nokungangeni kwamanzi kanye nokulawulwa kwemifantu ngasikhathi sinye.
II. Ukuhlolwa Kokuhamba Ngebhayisikili Okumanzi Nokomile Kwezinsuku Ezingu-270 "Okunonya"
Ukuze kutholakale ukuthi ngabe le khonkrithi entsha ingafinyelela "ubude besikhathi" endaweni yasolwandle, ithimba locwaningo lilinganise indawo emanzi neyomile eshintshashintshayo eqinile kakhulu. Lokhu kwakuhilela ukuphinda kabili ukuhlushwa kwesisombululo samanzi olwandle nokubeka amasampula emijikelezweni eshintshashintshayo yokomisa okushisa okuphezulu (ku-45°C) kanye nokugcwala okugcwele—isikhathi ngasinye samahora angu-24 sakha umjikelezo owodwa ophelele wokomisa omanzi neyomile.
Ngemva kokubekezelela izinsuku ezingu-270 zalolu vivinyo olunzima, amasampula ekhonkrithi afaka izinhlelo ezahlukene zefayibha abonise imiphumela yokusebenza ehlukahlukene kakhulu:
I-All-Basalt Multi-scale Hybrid Group (B15N02: okungukuthi, imicu eqobayo engu-1.5% + imicu emincane engu-0.2%): Leli qembu lilethe imiphumela ehlaba umxhwele kakhulu. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-270, izinga layo elilinganayo lokugcina amandla e-flexural lime ku-76.14% emangalisayo, kuyilapho izinga layo lokuqala lokugcina amandla okuqhekeka lifinyelele ku-90.67%. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulahlekelwa okukhulu okubangelwa ukuqhekeka komhlaba okubangelwa ukuchayeka emanzini olwandle kwaba ngu-1.43% kuphela. Lapho ibhekene nokuguquka kwemvelo, inqubo yokuwohloka kwezinto iyonke yaqhubeka ngesivinini esihamba kancane kakhulu futhi kancane kancane.
Iqembu Le-Steel Fiber Hybrid (S15N02): Ngaphambi kokuqala kokugqwala, leli qembu labonisa ukusebenza okuphezulu kakhulu kokuqala kokugoba—umphumela oqondile wokuqina okuphezulu kwemicu yensimbi uqobo. Kodwa-ke, ngosuku lwezinsuku ezingu-270, ukhonkolo oqiniswe ngefayibha yensimbi wawushintshe kakhulu ekusebenzeni. Ngenxa yokugqwala okukhulu, izinga layo elilinganayo lokugcina amandla okugoba lehle laya ku-50.22% (okwenza amandla alo abe phakathi); ezigabeni zakamuva, kwabonakala amaphethini okwanda ahlukene abangelwa ukugqwala kanye nemifantu.
III. Ukuphikisana Okuncane Kancane: Kungani Insimbi Idilika Ngenkathi I-Basalt Ihlala Iqinile?
Izithombe ezithathwe nge-Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) zembula ngqo uhlobo oluyisisekelo lokwehluka kokusebenza phakathi kwezinto ezimbili:
Ukwehluleka Okubi Kwezintambo Zensimbi: Amanzi olwandle nomoya-mpilo kungena kalula ngezikhala ezincane kukhonkolo ukuze kuthinte insimbi, okubangela ukugqwala okukhulu kwe-electrochemical. Umthamo wokugqwala kwensimbi okubomvu okubangelwayo uyanda ube phakathi kokuphindwe kabili kuya ku-6.5 kobukhulu bawo bokuqala. Lokhu kucindezela okukhulu kwangaphakathi "kusunduza" ngqo ku-matrix ezungezile yesimende, kudala inethiwekhi yemifantu emincane ye-radial. Njengoba umonakalo wangaphakathi ukhula, isibopho phakathi kwezintambo zensimbi ne-matrix yekhonkolo siyawohloka ngokuphelele; ekugcineni, ngaphansi komthwalo, izintambo zithambekele ekukhishweni kalula noma ekusheleleni—kungaba ngokuphelele noma ngokwengxenye—ngaleyo ndlela zilahlekelwe ukuqina kwazo kokubopha kwesakhiwo.
Ukuzivumelanisa Okumnene Kwe- Imicu yeBasalt: Imicu ye-basalt ayibonisi nhlobo ukwanda kwevolumu uma ivezwa emanzini olwandle. Inqubo yayo ye-hydrolysis—ebonakala ngokuncibilika okuncane kwezibopho ze-Si-O-Si—iqhubeka ngesivinini esiphansi kakhulu, okuholela ekuqhekekeni okuncane, okusendaweni kanye nokugoba kobuso ku-nanoscale. Kunokuba kulimaze i-matrix, lokhu kugoba kobuso okucashile empeleni kuthuthukisa ukungqubuzana okuxhumene phakathi kwemicu kanye nokhonkolo ozungezile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiklamo yokuxuba ukhonkolo ivame ukufaka imikhiqizo yezimboni—njengomlotha ophumayo kanye ne-slag—ukuze ithathe indawo yesimende sendabuko ngokwengxenye. Nakuba lo mkhuba unciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa ngo-27%, futhi wehlisa kakhulu i-alkalinity yesikhathi eside yekhonkolo. Lokhu kudala ngempumelelo i-capsule evikelayo ethambile, "emelana ne-alkali" yezintambo ze-basalt, okucindezela kakhulu izinga lokuncibilika kwazo.
IV. Ingabe Usebenza Ngemifantu? Kungavimbela Nomonakalo Wesikhathi Esizayo
Ezinhlelweni zobunjiniyela bangempela, izingxenye zesakhiwo zisebenza ngokungenakugwenywa ngaphansi kwezimo "ezilimele". Ukuze zilingise leli qiniso, ithimba locwaningo lenze ngokwenziwa imifantu emincane esukela ku-0.1 mm kuya ku-0.3 mm ububanzi ngaphakathi kwezibonelo zokuhlola:
Eqenjini le-fiber yensimbi, ukuba khona kwalezi zimfantu ezincane kwavumela umswakama ukuthi ungene ngqo endaweni yokuthambekela; lokhu kwaholela ekulahlekelweni okusheshayo kwamandla okubopha imicu yensimbi kanye nokwehla okukhulu kokuguquguquka kwezinto. Iqembu le-fiber ye-basalt enezilinganiso eziningi libonisa ukubekezelela umonakalo okungavamile ngaphakathi kobubanzi bokuvula imifantu obungu-0.1 mm kuya ku-0.2 mm, okufezwa ngesenzo sokusebenzisana "sokuphotha" ngemifantu emincane kanye "nokucindezela" ngemifantu emikhulu. Ngisho nalapho imifantu ekhona kakade inwebeka ibe ngu-0.3 mm, izinto zigcina izinga eliphezulu lomthamo wokuthwala umthwalo oguquguqukayo, ngaleyo ndlela zandisa ngempumelelo umkhawulo wokuphepha wezakhiwo ezonakele ezisetshenziswa zobunjiniyela basolwandle.
Isiphetho
Ngokombono we-"Life Cycle Cost (LCC)" kanye nokusimama kwemvelo okungenakhabhoni eningi, yize imicu ye-basalt ingase ihlanganise izindleko zokuthenga zokuqala eziphakeme kancane ngenxa yenqubo yayo yokudweba ekhethekile, uhlobo lwayo "olungadingi ukulungiswa" kuyo yonke impilo yayo yesevisi lunikeza izinzuzo ezibalulekile zesikhathi eside. Phakathi nesikhathi sokusebenza kwephrojekthi—ngokuvamile esisukela eminyakeni engu-50 kuya kweyi-100—ukusetshenziswa kwayo akugcini nje ngokuqeda izindleko ezinkulu, ezingalindelekile ezihambisana nokulungiswa okuvamile kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezimbozo zokulwa nokugqwala, kodwa futhi kunciphisa kakhulu isisindo sesakhiwo, ngaleyo ndlela kongiwe ezindleleni zokuhamba kanye nezimali zokuqasha zemikhumbi emikhulu yokufaka ogwini.
Enkathini lapho kugxilwe khona ngokulinganayo ekunciphiseni ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni kuyo yonke inkathi yokuphila kwephrojekthi nokuqinisekisa ukuphepha kobunjiniyela, lesi "sivikelo sokulwa nokugqwala" - esenziwe ngamatshe entaba-mlilo - sivela njengomvikeli ophephile futhi onobungane kakhulu nemvelo wamaphrojekthi wamandla ahlanzekile olwandle, njengezixhumanisi zokuhamba olwandle kanye namapulazi omoya asogwini.