Ngaba ufaka iimpahla zaselwandle nge "Bulletproof Vests" usebenzisa i-volcanic rock? Ii-Multi-Scale Basalt Fibers ziyaphula i-Corrosion Stalemate yee-Steel Fibers
Iibhulorho ezinqumla ulwandle, iziphelo zamanzi anzulu, iifama zomoya ezingaphandle kolwandle... Nangona ezi "ziinkunzi ezinkulu" ezakhiwe elwandle zintle kakhulu ukuzibona, zinyamezela "intlungu ebuhlungu" yemihla ngemihla yokukhukuliseka kwamaza, ityuwa kunye nokubola kwe-alkali, kunye nemijikelo etshintshanayo emanzi neyomileyo. Kwimeko enjalo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ziqinile Izakhiwo zekhonkrithi ukuhlala uqinile—ukungabi nakwaphuka, ukuqhekeka, okanye ukusilela kwangaphambi kwexesha—kudala kube ngumngeni onzima kuluntu lobunjineli behlabathi.
Ixesha elide, Ifayibha yentsimbiIi-s zihlala zifakwa kwikhonkrithi ukuze zomeleze ukuqina nokuthintela ukuqhekeka. Nangona kunjalo, ii-fiber zentsimbi zihlala zingafaneleki kwiimeko ezinzima zokutshizwa ngetyuwa kunye namanzi olwandle; xa ii-ion ze-chloride zingena kwimingxuma engaphakathi kwikhonkrithi, ii-fiber zentsimbi ziyagqwala kwaye zande ngobuninzi, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ikhonkrithi iqhekeke ngaphakathi ize ikhawulezise ukuqhekeka kwesakhiwo.
Kutshanje, uphando olutsha lwezinto ezisetyenziswayo olugxile ekuqineni okuphezulu kobunjineli baselwandle lunikeze isisombululo esithembisayo kakhulu: imicu ye-basalt—eveliswa ngokutsala imicu evela kwilitye lentaba-mlilo yendalo—ingasetyenziswa ukugquma ikhonkrithi yolwandle kumaleko "wezixhobo" ezingathintelwanga ngumhlwa. Oku kufezekiswa ngemodeli yokulinganisa ubungakanani obuninzi equka indibaniselwano "yeefayibha ezinkulu zokubopha isakhiwo" kunye "neefayibha ezincinci zokuvala iimbobo."
I. Iimfihlo Ezichasene Nokugqwala Ezifihliweyo Ngaphakathi Kwamatye Entaba-mlilo
Ukujongana neziphene ezibalulekileyo ezikwizinto ezikhoyo—ingakumbi ukuthambekela kweefayibha zentsimbi kumhlwa kunye nokuthambekela kweefayibha zendalo (ezifana ne-polypropylene okanye i-polyvinyl alcohol) ukuba ziguge kwaye zonakale kwiindawo zekhonkrithi ye-alkaline—I-Basalt Iifayibha zibonisa iingenelo ezibalaseleyo zezinto eziphathekayo. Eziveliswa ngokunyibilikisa ilitye lentaba-mlilo elicocekileyo kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu kakhulu kwaye zilitsale libe ziifayibha, isakhelo sazo esiphambili siquka inethiwekhi engenasimo se-silicon-oxygen kunye neebhondi ze-aluminium-oxygen. Esi sakhiwo sendalo, esisekwe ngamatye, sibonisa ukungangeni kakuhle kweekhemikhali xa sichatshazelwa zi-alkaline pore fluids ngaphakathi kwikhonkrithi kunye nendawo enosawoti omninzi wamanzi olwandle, ngaloo ndlela sisusa ngokusisiseko iingozi zomzimba ezinxulumene "nokugqwala, ukugqwala, kunye nokwanda kwevolumu." Ukuze kufezekiswe ukumelana okuphezulu kokuqhekeka kunye nokungangeni kwamanzi, uphando lwamva nje luye lwahlukana neparadigm yendabuko "yefayibha enye", endaweni yoko lucebisa "inkqubo yefayibha ye-basalt ehambelanayo emininzi":
I-Macro-structure Twisted Iifayibha zeBasalt (SBF): Iifayibha ezirhabaxa, ezinde, nezijijekileyo ezisasazeke kuyo yonke i-matrix; umsebenzi wazo oyintloko kukudibanisa kunye nokubopha ii-macro-cracks ezikhoyo, ngaloo ndlela zibonelela ngokuqina kwe-flexural emva kokuqhekeka kunye nokuqina kwe-tensile.
IiMicrofibers zeBasalt eziChotshiweyo ezakhiwe ngesakhiwo esincinci (NBF): IiMicrofibers ezintle, ezifana neengceba zesanti, zipakishwa ngokuqinileyo kwiimbobo ezincinci kunye nemijelo ngaphakathi kwe-matrix yesamente eqinileyo, zivale ngempumelelo iindlela zokungena kwamanzi olwandle kwaye zithintele ukusasazeka kwee-micro-cracks eziqalayo.
Le ndlela "yokudibanisa okurhabaxa nokucolekileyo" idala iwebhu exineneyo nentsonkothileyo elukiweyo nzulu ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo sekhonkrithi—indlela yokuzikhusela ebanzi ejongene nokungangeni kwamanzi kunye nokulawula iimfanta ngaxeshanye.
II. Uvavanyo "olubi" lweentsuku ezingama-270 lokuBhayisekile oluManzi nolomileyo
Ukuze kuchongwe ukuba le khonkrithi intsha ingafikelela "ebudeni" kwindawo yaselwandle, iqela lophando lilinganise imeko-bume engqongqo kakhulu etshintshanayo emanzi neyomileyo. Oku kuquka ukuphinda kabini ukuxinana kwesisombululo samanzi olwandle kunye nokubeka iisampulu kwimijikelo etshintshanayo yokomisa ngobushushu obuphezulu (kwi-45°C) kunye nokugcwala okupheleleyo—ixesha ngalinye leeyure ezingama-24 lenza umjikelo omnye opheleleyo owomileyo nowomileyo.
Emva kokunyamezela iintsuku ezingama-270 zale ngxaki inzima, iisampulu zekhonkrithi ezibandakanya iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zefayibha zibonise iziphumo zokusebenza ezahlukeneyo kakhulu:
Iqela le-All-Basalt Multi-scale Hybrid (B15N02: oko kukuthi, iifayibha ezirhabaxa eziyi-1.5% + iifayibha ezincinci eziyi-0.2%): Eli qela libonelele ngeziphumo ezimangalisayo kakhulu. Emva kweentsuku ezingama-270, izinga layo elilinganayo lokugcina amandla e-flexural limi kwi-76.14% emangalisayo, ngelixa izinga layo lokuqala lokugcina amandla okuqhekeka lifikelele kwi-90.67%. Ngaphezu koko, ukulahleka kobunzima okubangelwa kukwaphuka komphezulu okubangelwa kukuvezwa kwamanzi olwandle kwakuyi-1.43% kuphela. Xa ijongene nokuguquka kwendalo, inkqubo iyonke yokuwohloka kwezinto yaqhubeka ngesantya esicothayo kakhulu nesihamba kancinci.
Iqela le-Steel Fiber Hybrid (S15N02): Ngaphambi kokuba kubekho ukugqwala, eli qela libonakalise ukusebenza okuphezulu kakhulu kokuqala kokuguqa—okuyisiphumo esithe ngqo sokuqina okuphezulu kweefayibha zentsimbi ngokwazo. Nangona kunjalo, kwiintsuku ezingama-270, ikhonkrithi eqinisiweyo yefayibha yentsimbi yayisele itshintshe kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwayo. Ngenxa yokugqwala okukhulu, izinga layo lokugcinwa kwamandla okuguqa lehla laya kwi-50.22% (ngokwenene linciphisa amandla ayo ngesiqingatha); kumanqanaba okugqibela, iipateni zokwandiswa kunye nemifantu ebangelwe kukugqwala zabonakala.
III. Ukudibana kweMicroscopic: Kutheni iNsimbi idilika ngelixa iBasalt ihlala izinzile?
Imifanekiso ethathwe ngeScanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) ityhila ngokuthe ngqo indlela esisiseko yokwahluka kokusebenza phakathi kwezi zinto zimbini:
Ukusilela Okubi KweeFiber Zentsimbi: Amanzi olwandle kunye neoksijini zingena ngokulula ngemingxuma emincinci kwikhonkrithi ukuze ziqhagamshelane nentsimbi, nto leyo ebangela ukubola okukhulu kwe-electrochemical. Umthamo womhlwa wentsimbi obomvu-mdaka ophumayo uyanda ube phakathi kobukhulu obuphindwe kabini ukuya kwi-6.5. Olu xinzelelo olukhulu lwangaphakathi "lutyhala" ngokuthe ngqo kwi-matrix ejikelezileyo yesamente, luvelisa inethiwekhi yee-radial micro-cracks. Njengoko umonakalo wangaphakathi usiya usanda, unxibelelwano phakathi kweefayibha zentsimbi kunye ne-matrix yekhonkrithi luwohloka ngokupheleleyo; ekugqibeleni, phantsi komthwalo, iifayibha zinobunzima bokutsalwa okanye ukutyibilika ngokulula—nokuba ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokuyinxenye—ngaloo ndlela zilahlekelwa bukuqina kwazo kokwakha.
Uhlengahlengiso Olulula lwe Iifayibha zeBasalt: Iifayibha zeBasalt azibonisi kwaphela ukwanda komthamo xa zifakwe emanzini olwandle. Inkqubo yazo ye-hydrolysis—ebonakaliswa kukunyibilika kancinci kweebhondi zeSi-O-Si—iqhubeka ngesantya esicothayo kakhulu, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho ukugoba okuncinci, okukwindawo ethile kunye nokugoba komphezulu kwi-nanoscale. Kunokuba yonakalise i-matrix, oku kugoba komphezulu okuncinci kwandisa ukungqubana okudibeneyo phakathi kweefayibha kunye nekhonkrithi ejikelezileyo.
Ngaphezu koko, uyilo lomxube wekhonkrithi ludla ngokubandakanya iimveliso zemizi-mveliso—ezifana nothuthu oluphuma kwimpukane kunye ne-slag—ukuze zithathe indawo yesamente yendabuko ngokuyinxenye. Nangona olu hlobo loqheliso lunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni ngexesha lokuveliswa ngama-27%, lukwanciphisa kakhulu i-alkalinity yexesha elide yekhonkrithi. Oku kudala ngempumelelo i-capsule ethambileyo, "emelana ne-alkali" kwiifayibha ze-basalt, nto leyo ecinezela ngakumbi izinga lokunyibilika kwazo.
IV. Ngaba Usebenza NgeeNkathazo? Ingathintela Nomonakalo Wexesha Elizayo
Kwizicelo zobunjineli bokwenyani, izinto zokwakha ngokungenakuphepheka zisebenza phantsi kweemeko "ezenzakeleyo". Ukuze kulinganiswe le nyaniso, iqela lophando lenze ukuba kubekho ukuqhekeka okuncinci okusuka kwi-0.1 mm ukuya kwi-0.3 mm ububanzi ngaphakathi kweesampuli zovavanyo:
Kwiqela leefayibha zentsimbi, ubukho bezi mingxunya mincinci buvumele umswakama ukuba ungene ngqo kwindawo yokuxinana; oku kukhokelele ekulahlekelweni ngokukhawuleza kwamandla okubopha iifayibha zentsimbi kunye nokwehla okukhulu kokuguquguquka kwezinto. Iqela leefayibha zebasalt ezininzi ezilinganayo libonisa ukunyamezela umonakalo okumangalisayo ngaphakathi koluhlu lokuvula iimfanta oluyi-0.1 mm ukuya kwi-0.2 mm, olufezekiswa ngesenzo sokusebenzisana "sokuphotha" ngeefayibha ezincinci kunye "nokuqinisa" ngeefayibha ezirhabaxa. Nokuba iimfanta ezikhoyo zikhula ziye kwi-0.3 mm, izinto zigcina umgangatho ophezulu wokuthwala umthwalo oguquguqukayo, ngaloo ndlela zandisa ngempumelelo umda wokhuseleko kwizakhiwo ezonakeleyo kwizicelo zobunjineli baselwandle.
Isiphelo
Ngokwembono ye-"Life Cycle Cost (LCC)" kunye nokuzinza kokusingqongileyo okunekhabhoni ephantsi, nangona iifayibha ze-basalt zinokubiza iindleko zokuthenga zokuqala eziphezulu kancinci ngenxa yenkqubo yazo ekhethekileyo yokuzoba, uhlobo lwazo "olungadingi kugcinwa" kuyo yonke imisebenzi yazo lubonelela ngeenzuzo ezibalulekileyo zexesha elide. Ngexesha lokusebenza kweprojekthi—ngokuqhelekileyo ukusuka kwiminyaka engama-50 ukuya kwe-100—ukusetyenziswa kwazo akususi nje kuphela iindleko ezinkulu nezingalindelekanga ezinxulumene nokulungiswa rhoqo kunye nokusetyenziswa kweengubo ezichasene nokugqwala, kodwa kunciphisa kakhulu ubunzima bokwakheka, ngaloo ndlela konga iindleko zothutho kunye neentlawulo zemvume kwiinqanawa ezinkulu zokufakela ulwandle.
Kwixesha apho kugxininiswa ngokulinganayo ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni kulo lonke ixesha lobomi beprojekthi nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lobunjineli, esi "sikhuselo sokulwa nokugqwala"—esenziwe ngamatye entaba-mlilo—sivela njengomkhuseli okhuselekileyo nonobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo kwiiprojekthi zamandla acocekileyo aselwandle, ezifana neekhonkco zothutho olunqumla ulwandle kunye neefama zomoya eziphuma elunxwemeni.