Kodi Mukulonjeza Kutsanzikana ndi Chitsulo ndi Konkriti? Ulusi wa Basalt Ukuyambitsa "Kusintha kwa Zipangizo" mu Zomangamanga Zotsika Kwambiri.

Poganizira za kukwera kwachuma kwa "malo otsika," kumanga zomangamanga - monga malo oti ndege zinyamuke ndi kutera, mabwalo a ndege, malo osungiramo zinthu okhala m'malo otsika, komanso nsanja zoyendera ndi zolumikizirana - kukuwonetsa kufunikira kwakukulu. Malo awa sayenera kungokwaniritsa zofunikira zazikulu zokha. Wopepuka kapangidwe kake, mphamvu zambiri, komanso moyo wautali, komanso kusintha momwe zinthu zilili zovuta pa ntchito zokhudzana ndi nyengo yoipa, kupopera mchere m'madzi, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi, zonsezi zikugwirizana ndi njira yopangira zinthu zobiriwira komanso zopanda mpweya wambiri. Monga "zinthu zobiriwira zamafakitale za m'zaka za m'ma 2000," ulusi wa basalt umapangidwa kuchokera ku miyala yachilengedwe ya volcano kudzera mu njira yosungunula ndi kukoka kutentha kuyambira 1,450°C mpaka 1,550°C. Ubwino wake wapadera wogwirira ntchito umagwirizana bwino ndi zofunikira za zomangamanga zotsika, ndipo pakadali pano ikulimbikitsa kukweza zomangamanga kudzera m'njira zosiyanasiyana zaukadaulo. Poyerekeza ndi zipangizo zachikhalidwe monga chitsulo ndi konkire, ulusi wa basalt uli ndi kuchuluka kwa 2.6–2.8 g/cm³ yokha komanso mphamvu yokoka yofika 3,000–4,000 MPa. Imaphatikiza kukana kutentha kwambiri (kupirira kutentha kosalekeza kopitirira 260°C, ndi kupirira kutentha kwa kanthawi kochepa kopitirira 300°C), kukana dzimbiri (kusunga magwiridwe antchito opitilira 90% m'malo okhala ndi acidic, alkaline, ndi mchere), komanso kutchinjiriza kwabwino kwamagetsi komanso kuwonekera bwino kwa mafunde amagetsi. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi yake yotopa ndi yayitali kuposa 50% kuposa ya zipangizo zachikhalidwe, pomwe njira yake yopangira imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa ndi 70% ndipo imapanga mpweya wochepa wa carbon dioxide ndi 60% kuposa kupanga chitsulo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale chinthu chabwino kwambiri choyendetsera chitukuko chapamwamba cha zomangamanga zotsika.

Njira zazikulu zomwe ulusi wa basalt umathandizira kumanga zomangamanga m'malo otsika kwambiri zimazungulira madera anayi ofunikira. Pogwiritsa ntchito luso la zinthu zatsopano komanso kusintha njira, zimakwaniritsa zolinga zambiri zokulitsa magwiridwe antchito a zomangamanga, kukonza ndalama, komanso kukulitsa moyo wautumiki.

Choyamba mwa madera awa ndi kusintha kwa kusintha kwa Misewu Yothamangira Ndege ndi ma aproni—chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakuonetsetsa kuti ntchito zonyamuka ndi kutera zili bwino m'malo otsika kwambiri. Mabwalo a ndege achikhalidwe amatha kukhala ndi mavuto monga ming'alu ndi kutsika chifukwa cha kuzizira, katundu wolemera, ndi kayendedwe ka ndege ka maulendo apamwamba; komanso, ndalama zokonzera mabwalo oterewa zimakhala zokwera kwambiri m'malo ovuta kwambiri, monga mapiri okwera kwambiri komanso madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja.Ulusi wa basalt Kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo kudzera m'njira ziwiri zazikulu: Choyamba, poika ulusi wodulidwa wa basalt—pa chiŵerengero cha voliyumu cha 0.3%—mu konkire, netiweki yotseka ming'alu imapangidwa. Izi zimaletsa ming'alu ya panjira kukhala mkati mwa 0.02 mm, motero zimawonjezera kwambiri kukana ming'alu. Chachiwiri, poika ma grid a ulusi wa basalt mkati mwa maziko a msewu kapena pamwamba kuti alowe m'malo mwa maukonde olimbitsa chitsulo achikhalidwe, kukana kwa msewu ku kusintha kwa maukonde ndi umphumphu wonse wa kapangidwe kumakulitsidwanso. Kuti zigwirizane ndi zofunikira zosiyanasiyana za malo osiyanasiyana ogwirira ntchito, njira yolimbikitsira yosakanikirana yophatikiza "ulusi wa basalt ndi granules za rabara" ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito. Pamene kuchuluka kwa granule ya rabara kufika pa 10%, mphamvu yokakamiza ya konkire imawonjezeka ndi 27.5%, mphamvu yake yopindika imakwera ndi 19.6%, ndipo kukana kwake kuzizira kumawonjezeka nthawi imodzi ndi 11.1%. Yankho ili limathetsa mavuto ofunikira monga kuwonongeka kwa kuzizira m'mabwalo a ndege okwera kwambiri komanso dzimbiri la chifunga m'mabwalo a ndege a m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zothandiza kwasonyeza kuti njira zoyendetsera ndege za pa eyapoti zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo uwu zimawonjezeka ndi 30% pa mphamvu yonyamula katundu komanso 50% pa nthawi yotopa; kupitilira apo, nthawi yokonza imakulitsidwa kuchoka pa zaka zisanu zachikhalidwe mpaka zaka khumi. Pa eyapoti ina yapadziko lonse lapansi komwe ukadaulo uwu unagwiritsidwa ntchito, nthawi yogwirira ntchito ya njira yoyendetsera ndegeyo inakulitsidwa ndi 30%, ndipo ndalama zokonzera zinachepetsedwa ndi 40%, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti ntchito iyende bwino kwambiri.

Gawo lachiwiri la zatsopano limaphatikizapo kupepuka kwa nsanja zowongolera magalimoto amlengalenga ndi malo oyendetsera ndege. Monga "malo olumikizirana mitsempha" a magalimoto amlengalenga otsika, malowa sayenera kungotsimikizira kukhazikika kwa kapangidwe kake - kuphatikiza kukana mphepo ndi zivomerezi - komanso kukhala ndi mgwirizano wabwino kwambiri wamagetsi kuti apewe kusokoneza zizindikiro zoyendera ndi kulumikizana. Nthawi yomweyo, zovuta zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zomangamanga zapamwamba - makamaka zovuta zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi nthawi yayitali ya polojekiti - zimafunikira kuthetsedwa mwachangu. Ukadaulo wa ulusi wa Basalt umapeza chitukuko m'derali kudzera mukugwiritsa ntchito njira zophatikizira zopangira zinthu zophatikizika. Pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopangidwa ndi Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer (BFRP) kuti zilowe m'malo mwa nyumba zachikhalidwe zolimbitsa konkire, kulemera konse kwa nsanja yowongolera kumatha kuchepetsedwa ndi 70%, pomwe kukana kwake ku mphamvu za mphepo ndi zivomerezi kumakulitsidwa nthawi imodzi ndi 50%. Kuphatikiza apo, kutchinjiriza kwapadera kwamagetsi ndi kuwonekera bwino kwa mafunde amagetsi kumatsimikizira kuti sikusokoneza magwiridwe antchito anthawi zonse a zida zamagetsi, monga radar ndi machitidwe olumikizirana. Pazinthu zofunikira kwambiri zonyamula katundu mkati mwa kapangidwe kake, "dongosolo losakanikirana la basalt fiber-aluminium alloy" lingagwiritsidwe ntchito; Mu kapangidwe kameneka, zitsulo zotayidwa za aluminiyamu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kulimbitsa mphamvu yonyamula katundu ya ma node, pomwe zigawo zazikulu za kapangidwe kake zimapangidwa kuchokera ku BFRP kuti zitsimikizire kupepuka ndi kukana dzimbiri, motero kukwaniritsa mgwirizano wabwino pakati pa magwiridwe antchito ndi chitetezo. Kuphatikiza apo, kuphatikiza kwa filosofi ya kapangidwe ka modular kumalola kuti zigawo zazikulu za nsanja zowongolera ulusi wa basalt zikonzedwe kale m'fakitale, zomwe zimafuna kusonkhana ndi kulumikiza pamalopo. Njirayi imafupikitsa kwambiri nthawi yomanga—ndi 40%—pamenenso imachepetsa zoopsa zokhudzana ndi ntchito yokwera kwambiri ndikuchepetsa zoopsa zonse zachitetezo cha zomangamanga. M'madera omwe ali ndi nyengo yapanyanja, kukana kwa nsanja izi ndi malo oyendera ogwirizana ndi dzimbiri la mchere ndikodabwitsa kwambiri, zomwe zimawathandiza kumaliza moyo wawo wazaka 20 popanda kuwonetsa zizindikiro zakukalamba kwambiri. Pambuyo pokhazikitsa nsanja yowongolera ulusi wa basalt pa eyapoti yayikulu ya ndege, nthawi yomanga sinachedwe kwambiri, komanso mtengo wonse wa moyo unachepetsedwanso ndi 35%, motero kuwonetsa phindu lalikulu pazachuma komanso zaukadaulo.

Mbali yachitatu yofunika kwambiri ndi kulimbitsa zomangamanga zothandizira maukonde a magalimoto otsika. Izi zikuphatikizapo zinthu monga milatho, ngalande, ndi ma viaducts omwe amalumikiza malo osiyanasiyana onyamuka/kutera ndi malo olumikizira zinthu. Nyumbazi zimafunika kuti zipirire katundu wokwera kwambiri; komanso, popeza zina zili pansi pa nthaka kapena m'madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, zimakumana ndi zofunikira kwambiri zokhudzana ndi mphamvu yonyamula katundu, kusalowa madzi, komanso kulimba. Ulusi wa basalt umathandizira pa ntchitoyi makamaka kudzera m'njira ziwiri: kusintha mipiringidzo ndi kulimbitsa kapangidwe kake. Mu ntchito zatsopano zomanga, kusintha kwathunthu mipiringidzo yachitsulo yachikhalidwe ndi mipiringidzo ya basalt fiber—makamaka m'zigawo zofunika kwambiri monga mipiringidzo yayikulu ya mlatho ndi mipiringidzo ya ngalande—kungachepetse kulemera kwa kapangidwe kake ndi 50% ndikuwonjezera mphamvu yonyamula katundu ndi 60%. Kuphatikiza apo, imawonjezera moyo wautumiki kuchokera pa zaka 50 zachikhalidwe mpaka zaka 80 ndikuchotsa kufunikira kwa chitetezo cha cathodic (chomwe nthawi zambiri chimafunikira pa mipiringidzo yachitsulo), motero kuchepetsa kwambiri ndalama zosamalira kwa nthawi yayitali. Pakukonzanso ndi kukulitsa zomangamanga zakale, kugwiritsa ntchito maukonde a basalt fiber kuti alimbikitse kapangidwe kake kumathandiza kukulitsa mwachangu mphamvu zonyamula katundu ndi kukana kwa zivomerezi, kuthana ndi zofooka zomwe zingalepheretse kugwirizanitsa ndi zosowa za chuma cha malo otsika. Kuti muwonjezere magwiridwe antchito a interfacial bonding, njira ya "basalt fiber-nanomaterial synergistic reinforcement" ingagwiritsidwe ntchito; pogwiritsa ntchito nanomaterials kusintha pamwamba pa ulusi, mphamvu ya interfacial bond pakati pa ulusi ndi konkire imawonjezeka ndi 47%, potero kuonetsetsa kuti mphamvu yolimbitsa ikuwonjezeka. Mu pulojekiti yokonzanso viaduct ya malo otsika kwambiri, kugwiritsa ntchito basalt fiber reinforcement kunakweza bwino chiŵerengero cha kukana kwa zivomerezi cha mlatho kuchokera ku Giredi 7 mpaka Giredi 9, kukwaniritsa mokwanira zofunikira za magalimoto okwera kwambiri ochokera ku magalimoto otsika kwambiri. Nthawi yomweyo, ndalama zokonzanso zinachepetsedwa ndi 40%, ndipo nthawi yogwirira ntchito inakulitsidwa ndi 50%, motero kupangitsa kuti malo okalamba akhale omasuka komanso ogwira mtima. Pomaliza, pali kukweza malo othandizira ndi machitidwe ogwira ntchito. Ngakhale kuti malo amenewa si omwe ali ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri zonyamula katundu, amakhudza mwachindunji magwiridwe antchito onse komanso chitetezo cha zomangamanga zotsika; zitsanzo zikuphatikizapo mapaipi otulutsira madzi pabwalo la ndege, makina operekera mafuta, ndi njira zotetezera zingwe zamagetsi. Kudzera muukadaulo wosintha zinthu, ulusi wa basalt wagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapaipi opangidwa ndi ulusi wa basalt. Akagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makina otulutsira madzi pabwalo la ndege ndi makina operekera mafuta, kukana kwawo kwakukulu ku asidi, alkali, ndi dzimbiri kumawonjezera moyo wa ntchito ya mapaipi ndi kupitirira katatu.

Kuphatikiza apo, zimachotsa mavuto obwera chifukwa cha zinthu zowononga, motero zimachepetsa kwambiri zoopsa zogwirira ntchito ndi kukonza. Pankhani yoteteza chingwe chamagetsi, ma waya a basalt fiber cable amasonyeza mphamvu zotetezera kutentha kwambiri poyerekeza ndi zipangizo zachikhalidwe; kutentha kwawo kwawonjezeka kuchoka pa 70°C mpaka 200°C, zomwe zimathandiza kuchepetsa zoopsa za moto m'malo otentha kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, amalimbana bwino ndi kuvulala ndi ukalamba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera kwambiri m'malo ovuta akunja. Ntchito yoyang'ana patsogolo kwambiri imaphatikizapo kuphatikiza kwambiri kwa basalt fiber ndi zipangizo zanzeru—makamaka, poika masensa panthawi yopanga zinthu kuti athe kuyang'anira thanzi la kapangidwe kake. Mphamvu imeneyi imalola kujambulidwa kwa deta nthawi yeniyeni monga kusinthasintha kwa kupsinjika ndi kusinthasintha kwa kutentha mkati mwa malo opangira zinthu, zomwe zimathandiza machenjezo anthawi yake okhudza zoopsa zomwe zingachitike. Pomaliza, izi zimapangitsa kuti zomangamanga zotsika kwambiri zisinthe kuchoka pa chitsanzo cha "kukonza kosachitapo kanthu" kupita ku "chenjezo logwira ntchito," motero zimawonjezera chitetezo ndi kudalirika kwa ntchito.