E rua ngā hangarau whakarite muka basalt tonu matua
1. Tikanga Mura
Ko te tikanga mura he tukanga whakaputa e tukuna tika ana te wera ki te mata o te Pātarati ka rewa i roto i te oumu pereki-pāhare pākawa. Ko te tikanga ka puta tēnei wera mai i ngā mura (pēnei i te hau māori-hāora, te mura hau wera rānei, ngā mura plasma rānei) mai i te tihi o te oumu. Ka taea te tāpiri atu ki tēnei tikanga whakamahana tuatahi mā te whakamahana irahiko o raro. Ko te tukanga katoa e kapi ana i te rewa, te whakamārama, me te hanga.
Ko ngā oumu mura iti, takitahi, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te umanga i tēnei wā, ka whakamahia noa te whakamahana hau maori o runga, ā, kāore he hiko raro āwhina. Heoi, nā te nui o te whakamahinga pūngao, te nui o ngā utu whakaputa, me te iti o te whai huatanga o ngā hua, ko te nuinga o ngā kamupene e whakamahi ana i tēnei hangarau kei te pāngia e te nui o ngā mate, ā, kei te tata ki te pakaru.
Ko te ahunga whanaketanga mō te tikanga mura ko te oumu tāke wera-ahi, e whakamahi ana i te huarahi "whakakotahitanga hau-hiko" me te tahunga hau-hāora o runga me te whakamahana hiko āwhina o raro. Ko tēnei tikanga "whakakotahitanga hau-hiko" te hangarau matua mō te hanga. muka karāhes, ā, he tino pakari, he angitu hoki te mahi a ēnei oumu muka karāhe, inā koa ko ngā oumu wae, kua tata nei te noho hei paerewa mō ngā hoahoa oumu tāke muka karāhe. Kua whakapau kaha ki te whakawhiti i tēnei hangarau ki te hanga muka basalt tonu, engari ahakoa he iti noa ngā whakamātautau, kāore anō kia tutuki te angitu. I ngā tau e rua kua pahure ake nei, kua rerekē te huarahi kua tangohia e ētahi, mai i ngā rauemi mata toka puia tūturu parakore ki ngā rauemi mata kua hangaia (arā, te whakauru i te nui o te toka kore-puia). Nā tēnei i angitu ai te whakatūnga me te whakahaere i ngā raina whakaputa oumu tāke wera-mura 10,000-tana/tau me te 3,500-tana/tau.
2. Tikanga Rewa Hiko Katoa
Ko te tikanga whakarewa hiko-katoa he tukanga whakaputa e tukuna tika ana te pūngao hiko ki roto i te whakarewa paratati pāmahana-tiketike i roto i te oumu paratati hanganga pereki-ātete. Ka tutukihia tēnei mā roto i ngā irahiko (pērā i te karāpiti, te molibdenum, te hauhā tine, me ētahi atu) me ētahi atu tikanga ā-tinana rānei (pērā i ngā tikanga plasma). Ka hipokina e tēnei hangarau te whakarewa, te whakamārama, me te hanga.
I tīmata te tikanga whakarewa hiko-katoa o te muka basalt tonu o Haina me te Kaupapa 863 ā-motu i te tau 2002, i whakaoti i tētahi taputapu tuhi oumu iti-motuhake mā te whakamahi i tēnei tikanga. Ngā putanga nui i roto i te hangarau tonu muka pātarati I tutuki te hangarau tuhi rewa hiko-katoa i te tau 2016, me te otinga o te oumu tāke rewa hiko-katoa mano-tana/tau tauine whakamātautau. Ka whakamahia e tēnei pūnaha ngā irahiko ahu whakamua maha-rārangi, e āhei ai te hohonutanga o te taumata wai rewa tae atu ki te 1300mm. Ko te diameter monofilament hua e kukū ana i waenga i te 9-22μm, ā, ko te whakamahinga hiko whānui o te waeine he 3.0-3.5 kWh/kg, e whakaatu ana i ngā pānga penapena pūngao tino pai. I te tau 2018, i whakamanahia te whakamahi i tētahi raina whakaputa oumu tāke rewa hiko-katoa 1200-tana/tau ("kotahi-ki-waru," e whakamahi ana i ngā miro hurihuri 400-pū). Neke atu i te toru tau te roa o tōna oma pumau, e whakamana ana ka taea e te oumu te neke atu i te toru tau te roa.
Tae noa ki tēnei wā, mō ngā rauemi mata o te toka puia tūturu parakore, ko te hangarau hanga muka basalt tonu e mau tonu ana i te taumata hangarau oumu tāke mano-tana/tau anake, ā, mō te tikanga rewa hiko-katoa anake.
3. Te Whakataurite i ngā Ara Hangarau e Rua
Ngā āhuatanga o te pāmahana teitei rewa o te papara, arā, ko tōna kawe wera iti, te matotoru teitei, me ngā āhuatanga poto o te rauemi, koinei tonu te take e uaua ai te hanga muka paparā tonu.
- Tikanga Mura
Ko te tikanga mura, he hangarau kua tino pakari i whakaurua mai i te Uniana Sōviete o mua (ko Rūhia me Ukraine ināianei) ā, i urutauhia mō ngā āhuatanga motuhake o Haina, kua kitea te whakamahinga whānui. Heoi, ko tōna ngoikoretanga nui i roto i te ahumahi ko te utu nui o te whakaputa me te iti o te whai huatanga o te utu, ko te nuinga nā ngā hapa hanganga ā-tinana o te tikanga tonu.
Te Whakamahinga Wera Iti
I tēnei tikanga, ka tahuna te hau māori mai i te tihi o te oumu, ā, ka wera tika te mata o te rewa o te papare. Neke atu i te 60% o te wera ka whakaatahia e te mata o te rewa, ka haria atu e ngā hau putanga. I te mea he tekau ngā wā iti iho te kawe wera o te papare rewa pāmahana teitei i te rewa karāhe pāmahana teitei, he tino puhoi te whakawhiti wera. Ka taea e ngā oumu iti, kotahi-wāhanga te pupuri i te hohonu rewa tata ki te 15cm. Ahakoa ka taea e ngā oumu tāke puranga papare wera-mura 10,000-tana/tau te tae ki te hohonu rewa o te 50cm me te whakamahana hiko raro āwhina, ka hangaia e te rewa he hanganga rite ki te rihi i roto i te oumu, ka hua ake he horahanga mata motuhake nui me te nui o te marara wera. Neke atu i te 10% te ngaronga wera mā roto i ngā rauemi whakamahana. Nō reira, he iti iho i te 30% te tere whakamahinga wera tuturu.
Kounga Rewa Iti
Nā te papaku o te taumata rewa i roto i te tikanga mura, kāore e taea e ngā wāhanga whakamārama me te whakakotahitanga te whakatutuki i te whakakotahitanga tino pai, ka hua ake he iti iho te kounga rewa.
Ngā Tukunga Hau Pūwero
Ka puta ngā hau putanga pērā i te whanariki me ngā waikura hauota i te tahunga o te hau māori.
Ngā Tukunga Hau Kākāriki
Hei wahie pūngāwerewere, ka tukuna e te tahunga hau māori te nui o te CO2, he hau kati kōtuhi.
Te Pūtea Taputapu Teitei
Ko te aro atu ki ngā tukunga hau hau mai i te tahunga hau māori me whai tikanga whakahaere parahanga. Me whai tikanga whakaora wera para hoki mō te iti o te whakamahinga wera. Hei tāpiri, me whai taputapu whakaputa hāora mō te tahunga hāora parakore. Ka nui ake te haumitanga o ngā taputapu i roto i ēnei āhuatanga e toru. Ko te haumitanga mō ia tāne mō te tikanga mura he tata ki te 11,000-20,000 RMB ia tāne.
- Tikanga Rewa Hiko Katoa
Ki te whakatauritea ki te tikanga mura, he nui ngā painga o te tikanga rewa hiko katoa.
Kounga Rewa Teitei
Ko te hangarau rewa hiko-katoa e hangai ana ki te mātāpono he kawe hiko te rewa i roto i te āhua rewa pāmahana-tiketike, e āhei ai te tuku tika i te pūngao hiko ki te rewa hei whakamahana ā-roto. Mā te whakaritenga poutū o ngā irahiko ka āwhina i te rewa poutū. Ka taea e ngā oumu tāke rewa hiko-katoa mano-tana ia tau te whakatutuki i te hohonutanga rewa neke atu i te 1.2 mita, e whakarato ana i te wāhanga whakamārama me te whakakotahitanga roa ake. He hohonu ake te rohe isothermal pāmahana-tiketike i roto i te tāke, e hua ake ai te kounga rewa me te whakakotahitanga pai ake mō te papa.
Te Whai Hua o te Pūngao
Ko te whakamahana tika o roto o te rewa, te rewa poutū, ngā tāke hohonu ake, me te kapi rauemi matao i runga i te mata rewa ka whai wāhi ki te tere rewa teitei me te pai o te wera. Tuatahi, ko ngā irahiko e whakaurua tika ana ki roto i te rewa ka whakarite kia whakamahia katoatia te wera Joule. Tuarua, ko te taumata rewa hohonu, me tōna hohonu e tata ana ki te diameter o roto o te oumu, ka hua ake he iti ake, tata ki te iti rawa o te horahanga mata motuhake mō te rewa. Ka whakaitihia e tēnei hanganga āhuahanga te marara wera ki te whakaritea ki te hanganga rite ki te rihi o te tikanga mura. Tuatoru, ko te kapi rauemi matao i runga i te mata rewa ka hanga he "runga oumu matao," ka whakaitihia te ngaronga wera.
Tapuwae Waro Iti
Mā te hangarau rewa hiko-katoa ka whakakorea ngā tukunga waro e pā ana ki te tahunga hau māori i roto i te tikanga mura. Ko ōna tukunga waro ka whakatauhia anake e te ranunga pūngao o te whatunga hiko. Mena ka whakamahia te hiko wai, ētahi atu pūtake pūngao whakahou rānei, ka taea te whakatutuki i te kore tukunga waro.
Te Whakangao Iti
Nā te mea kāore te tikanga rewa hiko-katoa e whakamahi i te tahunga hāora parakore o te hau māori, kāore he take ki te haumi ki ngā taputapu maimoatanga taiao mō te hau putanga, ki ngā taputapu whakaputa hāora rānei. Hei tāpiri, nā te kapi o ngā rauemi matao ki te mata rewa, kāore e hiahiatia he haumi ki ngā taputapu whakaora wera para. Nō reira, he iti ake te haumitanga mō ia wae mō te tikanga rewa hiko-katoa.
Painga Utu
Ko te nui o te penapena pūngao me te iti o te hekenga uara o ngā rawa pūmau ka hua ake he painga utu motuhake.
